Modernization in Afghanistan and Iran - 2044 Words

The process of Modernization in Afghanistan under King Amanullah Khan and Iran under Shah Reza Pahlavi The modernization process has been experienced in different ways by different countries that some of them succeeded and some of them failed. Theoretically it has been defined as â€Å"a concept in the sphere of social science that refers to the process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes† (Zapf, 2004).Even there is no single approach toward this process, evolutionism, diffusionism, structural functionalism, systems theory and interactionism as well as other disciplines such as political science, economics, anthropology, psychology and others are combined to be known as modernization theory.†¦show more content†¦In contrast, Shah Reza’s economic development was successful. In his arena economic development began with the development of the transportation system. These developments included creation of a network of railroads that connected Iran from north to south and from east to west by 1941. The connection of Iran ports to inland cities leaded to encouraging trade between rural and urban centers (Anon., Dec 1987) Smilser’s Theory : Smelser have studied modernization theory in four steps attributed to the effect of economic development on social formation. These four steps includes, move from simple to complex technology, change of subsistence farming to cash crops, mover from animal and human power to industrialization and an increase of urban based population Amanullah Khan’s economic reforms has not been able to meet some of the critiria’s that Semels argue for economic development and social formation. First, no transformation to complex technology happened. Second, he diminished all arbitrary taxation system and announced a new taxation reform through which the formers were obliged to pay their taxes in cash directly to the state. He replaced Rupee to a new Afghani currency in order to boost Afghan Foreign exchange. Third, for the development of system of commerce, he developed small industry policies (Saikal, 2004). But, the economy remained subsistentShow MoreRelatedIran And Afghanistan Dur ing The Soviet War2190 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Regime Change is the replacement of one administration or government by another, especially by means of military force† (Oxford Dictionaries). This is exactly what happened in Iran in 1979 and in Afghanistan in 1992 both regimes were overthrown by Islamists. Accordingly, Iran and Afghanistan are two countries that share many similarities. For instance both are Islamic countries with heavy radical Islamic Influence, both had radical Islamic groups that opposed the regime, and most of all both wereRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Iran1617 Words   |  7 PagesAmong the nations of the Middle East, The Islamic Republic of Iran stands as an oddity. It is a nation with a unique history, culture, and national identity. Formally known as Persia, Iran is the only non-Arab nation in the Middle East and the only Shi’ite theocracy in the world. The world’s first empire sprang out of Iran and spread from Egypt and Greece in the west to modern cultural identity day India in the East. Iran’s diverse history has manifested into a unique that has put Iran’s politicalRead MoreEssay on The Role of Religion in Foreign Policy1019 Words   |  5 Pagesplay a great role. However, one needs to understand clearly that a states foreign policy is largely guided by its ethics, morals, values and principles. Undoubtedly, the foreign policies of the leaders of theocratic states like Iran and Afghanistan are influenced by their religious views. Quite often their foreign and domestic policies have infuriated international issues and situations that cannot be ignored. Moreover, the use of religion as a source of public legitimacyRead MoreStrange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century is a monograph written by Christian Caryl, a1200 Words   |  5 Pages1979 and how strange rebels served as counterrevolutionary protagonist leaders by using old ideas and making them new and rebellious. Deng Xiaoping initiated the reforms that favored a pragmatic economic development in China; Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan after its Communist allies faced resistance from local â€Å"freedom fighters†; Pope John Paul II used Christian faith as the basis for a moral crusade against the Soviet Union; Margaret Thatcher overturned Labor government in Great Britain; and AyatollahRead MoreIran s Political System Of The United States950 Words   |  4 Pages(JCPOA) has reduced tensions between both countries and Iran has bee trying to comply with the deal. But there are many questions and concerns about the future of Iran’s relationship with the U.S. and its role in the region. The United States and Iran established diplomatic relations in 1883. In 1980 after the revolution and hostage of 52 Americans the US has ended its diplomatic relationship with Iran. Since then the clerical regime in Iran is known as one of the U.S., adversaries. However, sinceRead MoreHistory of Ethnic Relations in Afghanistan, An Outline Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesNooristanis, Pamiris, as well as Turkmens (Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2013). Several groupings tend to be native to Afghanistan; the majority of the bigger ones possess considerably higher masse within nearby nations. Regulating a viable state with such demographics happens to be a key problem. Sustaining tranquility between these types of groupings is among the greatest issues facing Afghanistan these days and also a crucial determinant of whether or not the foreseeable future will be considered one ofRead MoreEssay about Turkmenistan: A Nation of Contradictions1451 Words   |  6 Pagesstatus of the â€Å"democra tic† republic which operates Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan functions as a government who has elected a lifelong dictator, supported the Taliban regime of Afghanistan, and allows no political opposition in any â€Å"democratic† function. Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea and the nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan. The land is mostly desert, giving little agricultural support to the Turkmen economy. Turkmenistan’s main industries include oil, petroleumRead MoreThe F 22 : A Second Generation Fighter With Revolutionary Capabilities1538 Words   |  7 Pagesand schedule inefficiency in weapon system acquisitions, as well as reductions in Defense spending caused the failure of the F-22 Raptor acquisition strategy. This document covers the following: History of F-22, F-22 development and cost, F-22 modernization, strategic environment, defense strategy, evolution of the force, fiscal reality, conclusion and recommendations. The F-22 program began in 1981, and its concept exploration was in October 1986. In addition, the F-22 program demonstration and validationRead MoreIr A Middle Eastern Country Of The Persian Revolution2063 Words   |  9 PagesBennett David Mr. Dowling Honors Empires Encounters 26 October 2014 Iran A middle-eastern country of over seventy-five million people (â€Å"World†), the country of Iran has undergone many government reforms in the past century and been a major force in international relations. In the late 19th century, Iran (then named Persia) was in the midst of the Persian Constitutional Revolution. Taking place from 1905-1907, the revolution was the result of citizen unrest with the Persian government, especiallyRead MoreThe Underground Economy in Afghanistan1040 Words   |  5 Pagesgrowing economy. Afghanistan is a country located in Southern Asia, East of Iran and North and West of Pakistan. According to the official CIA website, the total population of this war-torn country is 31,108,077 (2013). The country of Afghanistan is often in the eyes of the media, and has had some very tough times because of its corrupt reputation. It is a country with many terrorist groups, such as Al Qaeda and Taliban. This essay will explore the underground economy in Afghanistan, specifically,